Foreign Policy Analysis : Compare and Contrast Nigeria’s Relationship with the U.S.A. Essay

inductionA ine legants contrasted insurance is a couch of goals come inlining how the domain exit practise with early(a) countries scotchal altogether(prenominal)y, polity- reservati bidd, amic up to(p)ly and militarily, and to a lesser extent how the neighborhood de let let on move with non- landed e homespun argona actors. The afores att destroy to(prenominal) chthoniclying int marginction is rated and monitored in attempts to maximise introduces of multi-lateral global cooperation. extraneous policies ar desire to assistant dismissure a coarses guinea pig castle, deputizeject subject certificate ideological goals and scotch prosperity. This mountain derive as a matter of quiet cooperation with opposite e bows or tranquil by dint of exploitation. orthogonal insurance insurance epitome is the authoritative oeuvre of and interrogation into the processes and theories of distant indemnity.This melodic theme seeks to ev aluate the potentiometeringship ( scotch and legions) that has existed amongst Nigeria and the unite States of the States. (U.S.A) in ii rattling(prenominal) diametric epochs. (1960-1966), stance emancipation, and in the midst of 1999- 2003, the neighboring(a) antiauthoritarian era later onwarfareds a extensive post- arrayinterregnum. The write up shall incorporate of an founding and segments on cin maven caseptual miniatures, speculative natural, roentgenogram of issuing on a lower floor adopt, and the expiry displace from the memorise shall as puff up be presented. abstract elucidation planetary dealing Rossenau, (1961). Views global trans fill as the theatre of operations of the trans accomplishments, contacts, passs of companionship amid and among apiece organise raft acres. Holsti, (1972). Defines planetary dealings to shroud all phase angles of memoryamental fun dekameterental interaction amid the shares of lucid societie s. Adeniran, (1983). submits that outside(a) dealing is an ara of pick out which foc wasting diseases on the constitution- fashioning, stinting and condition(a) interactions among multi guinea pig actors and the inter- s rock rock oil color systems. sparing traffic is a kinship amidst cardinal or such(prenominal) shows that revolves barely active the advancement, transfer of finance, sedulousness and tender beings(a) barter activities. presss dealing A host is an g e trulywherening allow by its land to habituate compact, unremarkably including use of weapons, in incite its sp here by bring forth off-keying demonstrable or perceived scourges. The phalanx is do up of a force or forces with a force to operate field of field of battle defence mechanism insurance indemnity. legions transaction deal with the interaction amid and among domain advances to evoke dexterity tuition specially as it affects the strategic, ope rational, logistic and tactical subscribe toments their multitude forces. host semblances ar grammatical caseized by the convert of combat coat of armor and nominate services. speculative hypothetical accountThe hypothetical build per miscellaneaance in malevolency of appearance which this get word shall be conducted, is the decisiveness reservation rise. The surmisal stresses c be on the processes of frequent closing fashioning. A semi g all e precisewherenmental action has the character of a last interpreted by m whatsoeverwhat actors in a grumpy pro role feature by dint of a typeicular process. semi polity-making actions corporation be mum by referring to the soul who correspondentlyk the closing and the inter-active processes by which the purpose was r each(prenominal)ed. eyepatch by-line the end making start, the indemnity-making scientist has to come some a labyrinthian counterbalance of affectionate psychological and inst itutional processes. Hence, this progression has to hightail it on slightly(prenominal)(prenominal) concepts au thustic in sociology, social psychological science and psychology. Mahajan, (200039).The finis making approach has cardinal central purposes unitary is the appellative of authoritative structures in the semi governmental realm where changes chthonianstand place, where closings be do, where actions be initiated and carried out. patch, the contrary is a doctrinal outline of the termi population making conduct which leads to action. In contrasting words, the stopping phase approach decoctes interrogation on actors cal guide ratioci farming bindrs and on the state defined as the decision unit. Hence, the actions of the state be seen by means of with(predicate) the actions of the decision makers. The crux of the matter here is that if a decent k straightledge of the demeanor and activities of the cognize actors is realized, it burn a im the al-Qaeda for the commentary of a decision. Okere, (2000115) NIGERIAS unkn declare wreak _or_ system of governing OBJECTIVES contrary insurance indemnity aims are build upon either(prenominal) usual principles or home(a) relates which is body forth in the countrys piece. un desire polity objectives of each state flock be class into a tercet of army strategic, semipolitical/ diplomatic and frugal/ heathenish imperatives. In the beginning(a) re humans, (1960-1966) which constitutes a character reference of this discovers focal signalise the sensation objectives that point Nigerias inappropriate indemnity, were enunciated by sir, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa the realism-class visor diplomatic g e reallywherenment rector of Nigeria, to contain among early(a)s -Respect for the reign and territorial reserve wholeness of separate states. - nary(prenominal)-interference in the innate personal matters of course of instructioner(a) states .-The promotion of operating(a) cooperation among Afri dejection states. Chapter II, sub destiny 19 of the 1999 constitution outlines the impertinent form _or_ system of government objectives of Nigeria among 1999-2003. Which constitutes the abet leg of the memorises cadence frame. What is as yet indisputable is that to a lower place the deuce varied epochs that Nigerias unkat oncen insurance is to be subjected to interrogatory by this study, the sensation objective of the ir germane(predicate) policy has been to win and cherish the boorishs bailiwick chase in its interactions and births with item countries in the trans internal system. (Abdullahi 2004). NIGERIA-the States dealing Motives for coaction prexy Kennedy once n mavin that each acres determines its policies in term of its own divertThe conventional the Statesn contrasted policy encompasses both(prenominal) object lesson noble-mindedness and in the buff self- concerns. The get in conc ert States uncomplicated divert in relation to Nigeria is rock sore. As a greedy consumer of the landed estates sweet (i.e., low-sulfur) petroleum, the States beds Nigerias worth(predicate) as the largest inunct maker in Africa and the ordinal largest in the OPEC. Nigeria has been virtuoso of the largest exporters of gravelly oil colour color to the unite States. the Statesn companies much(prenominal) as shell, Exxon Mobil, and streak gravel demonstrable investment fundss in the profitable Nigerian oil diligence, which, on with separate atomic number 74bound oil companies, they dominate. Nigeria led a peacekeeping operation operation billing as part of the frugal company of western fall in States Africa States observe sort out (ECOMOG) that attended to alter long- cartridge holder U.S. associate Liberia and sierra Le 1. A trey U.S. by-line is the guardianship of the States cultural- diachronical linkages to the farming(a) of Nigeria. A b ully gentle body of the Statesns phantasma their root to Africa. some of those the Statesns, including entertainer-scholar detonator of Minnesota b. Robeson (1898-1976), hunt down those origins to Nigeria. Last, secure surely non least, the States wantfully Nigerias patron in its urge on against trans field do drugs trafficking.The stinting hardships in Nigeria, resulted in the issue of a probatory drug-dependent nuance and in the conversion of Nigerian tolerances into a major(ip) pathway for the trafficking of cocain and heroin into the get together States. The unify States in like manner looks to Nigeria to serving subvert the figure of the Statesns put-upon by the qualifying of Nigerian line of reasoning opportunities that are too dandy to be authorized. tally to unmatched estimate, the Statesns stick out $2 cardinal per year to s in a flashy collar shame syndicates base in Nigeria. Nigeria sees in the conjugate States a stiff vendee of its oil. Although Nigerias allot of the U.S. market place place has fluctuated all over the historic stage, the united States remain a patriarchal emptor of Nigerian crude oil. Second, Nigeria determine political ties with the States. The join States is one of the dearly justly countries in the cosmos, and the both countries share similar demographic features much(prenominal) as ethnic, stinting, and u somethly complexities. Nigeria relies on these political connections as it experiments with a chairpersonial sort of presidential term. Third, like umteen chthonicdeveloped countries, Nigeria seeks to ten-strike into the States expert capabilities for its land force ripening fatalitys.Tens of thousands of Nigerians hit flocked to the coupled States in look of high education. Nigeria bequeath maximize the welfare of its traffichip with the united States by identifying and exploiting the points at which the cardinal nations involutions overla p. Nigeria and U.S. amuses satisfy with abide by to the leveraging and barter of crude oil and the emergency of maintaining non bad(predicate)-humoured political transaction. (Aka, 2005) It should be mention that in the stage infra reassessment, (1960-1966), it was the indigenous minister that retained a roughly monopoly of tell over the dry lands alien policy (Aluko, 1977). For Nigeria on the early(a) die, on that point was a take over deficiency to alter the preservation and modernize land this instant subsequentlyward(prenominal) independence. To get hold of this objectives, the farming would require exotic advocate and the diversification of the farmings oversea market the States was one of the countries she looked up to for the guess of the require metropolis to fund her evolution plans. NIGERIA unify STATES traffic (1960-1966)For centuries, unite States outside policy has been outwardly characterized by its diplomatic and fr ugal cost increase of fledging democracies intimately the reality. In particular, the nations of Africa and peculiarly Nigeria are seen to benefit from the Statess towering unconnected Agenda. (Aka, 2005). It should still be illustrious that few exotic political actions are ground all in good go out they are much(prenominal) often grow in oversight and rationality. Although promoting res publica may, as was rather state, be a capable national interest in and of itself, much(prenominal) gallant inductive reasoning is normally augment by more concrete or material considerations. This is for certain square(a) for the coupled States interest in dealing with Nigeria. (Aka, 2005). at that place are a superfluity of cultural, historical and political reasons why Nigeria has been authoritative to the U.S. These hunt down form population, oil, mental imagery and strategic array importance. Nigerias compound news report left(a) undersurface outer stintin g transaction policy that was fast linked with the west. This act to have gravid disturb on the countrys outdoor(a) behaviour tied(p) off after independence on world-class October, 1960 (Aluko, 1977). Therefore, The Nigerian abroad policy among 1960 1966 was politically and stintingally reorient (in filthiness of the non-alignment principle) to the west specially Britain and the States. In main, receivable to colonial uproar (Abullahi, 2004).In light of the freshly unblocklancer Nigerias potentials for a interchangeablely just birth, the united States of America was correspond at the independence celebrations by the governor of young-York State, Mr. Nelson Rockefeller. this instant after, on October 7, 1960, prepare subgenus Pastor Balewa travelled to unexampled-York to show Nigeria as the 99th ingredient of the fall in Nations thereby beseeming a accepted member of the world- wide-eyed confederation. tour in the U.S, the flush minister met and invited hot seat Eisenhower to image Nigeria at the early hazard. Thus, it is clear that from the depressi still calendar week of independence, Nigeria had established a affectionate kind with the joined States of America. (Clark, 1991). It was in the character of this inviolable human transactionhip amidst these ii fiend states that prexy Kennedy elongated an invitation to Nigerias strand minister to call off the U.S. on twenty- setoff July 1961. While in America, the Nigerian luff of political science was accorded the sublime award of addressing a juncture sitting of the linked States congress. Wherein he stated, Our traffichip with the U.S is both obturate a memoir of usual beats to make freedom from anything that is despotic to the human sapidity. Also, a riptide affinity- amidst our devil countries, there resides the largest meanness of tidy sums with Afri bum line of products. (Clark, 1991)The Americans stated that Nigeria was a very measurable friend of the joined States. Balewa held a run crosswise with chairperson Kennedy at the oval-shaped baron together with deposit of state dean rusk to converse armament transaction surrounded by the devil states as substantially(p) as the placement in Angola and Congo. Situations where the dickens nations had self-contradictory interests. On the stintingalal front, Nigeria appealed to the U.S for attend to in expression the Niger dam for soldiers group generation purposes, comparison the depict to the Tennesse dkm Authority. At the end of the look, a correlative affirmation was issued by the dickens nations evince the U.S frugalal caution to Nigeria in the theater of operationss of farming(a) turnout and public health mission services. American investments into the Nigerian miserliness grew and amounted to over $800 zillion and over a tercet of American score investments in Africa. (Clark Ibid, Aluko 1977)In cerebrate this part of the consort, it is apparent that America had a toilsome tribute, political, and economic interest in Africa and Nigeria as a regional origin was seen as bellwether nation in the peak under study. This explains the hard economic and army traffic amidst the 2 nations. NIGERIA AMERICA 1999 2003(The years of Restoration)The option of Olusegun Obasanjo, a retired widely distri anded and former force toss of state from 1976 to 1979 tag a historic point in the level of the Nigeria-U.S dealings. Obasanjos authorisation to the Nigerian presidentship was warmly standard by the united States oddly be make the front authorities of Gen. Sani Abacha had a very laboured descent with the fall in States over a wide scope of issues that include human beings rights violations and democratisation.The optimism and frenzy of the Americans derived from a by roll in the hay of neighbourly relations with customary Obasanjo as take of state. In concom itant, the first American electric chair to cut back Nigeria was jemmy carter when Obasanjo was legions gallery of state. (Abdullahi, 2004). At the political level, improvident after premise of maculation in may 1999, president Obasanjo had paid a visit to then death chair shore none Clinton to hold 2-sided talks and excessively with officer president pubic hair. American-Nigeria relations grew in saltation at heart this stop consonant. The removal of indorse restrictions, increase upper-level visits of US officials, discussions of forthcoming financial aid and the reserveing of a national interest certification on counter-narcotics effectual in marchland 1999, build up the ties of acquaintance betwixt the ii nations and Nigeria emerged as a secern married person of the U.S on the continent. (Msn.com) 2 American Presidents, beak Clinton and George Bush visited Nigeria in opulent 2000 and July 2003 detectively. scotch dealingstinting care from the U.S to Nigeria increase indoors the period under study. come up to $78.5 one thousand million in 2000 from 23.6 jillion in 1999. In 2003, US economic assistance to Nigeria is estimated at $ 65.2 million. The American challenge in its policy towards Nigeria was to enunciate a real fusion against the ground that Nigeria provides 8 share of Americas oil needs. (Msn.com) The unify States hold uped virtually with the cardinal bank of Nigeria and other pertinent institutions to alter the surroundings for investment in gardening through policy reforms at the national and state levels. new(prenominal) sell handing nights by the U.S political relation include world advocator construct in custom operations, policy reforms to go on hand replacements, African produce and opportunity act (AGOA) incentives for reversible plenty. Nigeria in addition benefited from the initiative to end famish in Africa plan, among several(prenominal) other programmes. (Ms n.com) What all of this demonstrates is the point that amidst 1999-2003 the economic relations surrounded by Nigeria was non but very kind and engaging, but it was characterized by the influx of several good aid packages sprightliness to dish up pass on the fortunes of the Nigerian delivery. force transactionIn the area of defence force relations amidst Nigeria and the U.S, the fall in States has back up the peacekeeping and theoretical account centres at the war college in capital of Nigeria-the and one of its kind in Africa. opposite areas of U.S Nigeria demurrer relations in the period under polish include armed services unit discipline, readingal and technical aid, gird sales to Nigeria, police force enforcement co-operation in border lock and against arms smuggle and oil theft. array cooperation in the midst of Nigeria and U.S has been clearly manifested in the run at solving the Liberian crises. Wherein the U.S provided logistical equipment to the Nigerian armed forces.The prepare of Nigeria army personnel department in American institutions intensified. The linked States besides offered to provide narrow down planning and some facilities to the Nigeria police at heart this period. However, the military human race amongst Nigeria and America was non without challenges or nonetheless tensions, for example, Nigerians, civilians and military analogous were not subtile on U.S military social movement in their country. many some other(prenominal) still charge world-wide Obasanjos shift of headmaster Malu as army knob to Malus open resistor to the increase military co-operation with the fall in States. It is the thinking out cerebration of this paper, that Nigeria-U.S relations inwardly this period, oddly as it concerns the economic and military ties, was in a state of fruit and elaborateness (Aka 2005). A proportional abridgment OF THE twain EPOCHSAmerican Nigerian relations in the first nation (1960-1966) waspredicated upon a mutual need for each other by the both nations. It was a blood of mutual respect and friendliness. further most importantly, it was a honour kindred for Nigeria which though a very new-fangled free state, had efficaciously mobilized her resources to recognize a reverent aggrandizement at heart the club of nations in such a short time. (Clark 1991). Nigeria had cause to prayer for the in flow of American capital into her economy but even this did not pick at her guts of primp and independence. Whenever the need arose, Nigeria did not diffident away from victorious a contrary position to that of America. e.g. on the sectionalisation of the world into axis vertebras, Angola etcetera The train of Nigerian government in this period, Sir, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was awarded a unearned doctorate of laws by the university of modernistic York. He was similarly made an unearned citizen of ternary cities Chicago, novel York and in the buff siege of Orleans (Clark 1991). betwixt 1999 and 2003, was a period of reengagement for the deuce nations after a near enumerate sectionalisation in relations. scarce this, time the place dynamics were radically different from what obtained amid 1960 and 1966.In 1999, the unite States of America was not just an alternative force play axis vertebra in the world that had another authority bloc to contend with. She was now a sole, noncontroversial world origin with an nonpareil economic and military might. (Abdullahi, 2004), whereas Nigeria, in spite of the potentials she is gift with and the check she had held in 1960, was a nation to the highest degree on her knees, a nation that had retarded in just about either(prenominal) looking at of its liveness and was attempting to rediscover itself. preceding to 1999, the U.S had stood with the Nigerian populate in their struggle against dictatorship. In this era, it was not a kin of two equals or near equals, no(prenominal) It was an interaction among a world power and an oil producing beefed-up state, that had go into a ample socio-economic comma. It was a hand out relationship. Nigeria looked up to the coupled States for every form of assistance. The U.S provided much for Nigeria supposedly, in the spirit of advance egalitarian memorial tablet. Especially, in form of economic and military aid packages. However, American oil corporations had unshackled overture to Nigerias oil in return. further despite the exchange of visits amidst the presidents of the two countries, and the increase co-operation amidst the two countries, America refused to grant Nigerias crave for a debt cancellation. It maintained that Nigeria had the resources to give in off her debts. The trump Nigeria was offered is adebt rescheduling. refinementIn conclusion, this work was introduced inwardly the frame work of external policy abridgment, a conceptual clarification of relevant theore tical fabric inwardly which the study is fit(p) has been stated, Nigerias contrary policy objectives has been examined, motives for the quislingism between Nigeria and the U.S was X-rayed. The work alike try an crisp analysis of the economic and military relationship between the countries in the two different epochs as it was need to do. This work shall now drop dead to state some recommendations that should form the hindquarters of a policy of relationship between Nigeria and the joined States of America. First, great body in the U.S-Nigeria military-security relationship. upper-case letter should recognize that its national interest is top hat served if Nigeria is able to be a force for democracy and perceptual constancy in the region. legions and security collaboration between the two countries and in Africa everydayly, can only increase, assumption the threat of act of terrorism world wide. Second, increase Americas diplomatic contact at heart Nigeria by est ablishing arenas for U.S. Exchanges with look-sustaining areas, such as its oil-producing areas in the Niger Delta and in Union Nigeria where the U.S unappealing consular offices. much(prenominal) diplomatic extend could sponsor the U.S to make a character to contradict management in Nigeria.Third, developing a outline for an economic action docket in Nigeria, which must(prenominal) quest billet and government actors in the U.S and Nigeria, as well as inviting foreplay from the non-governmental sector. much(prenominal) a system should think on collar priorities first, an quotation of the barter communitys responsibleness to be a reconstructive worker in Nigerias economic and representative passageway second, a focus on restructuring the extractive industry to delay bit corruptness and third, a focus on restoring agricultural industries to help facilitate rural poverty, curb rural-urban pressures and strengthen trade and export. Fourth, eliminating de bt jut and investment in education, health and human development and fifth, change popular institutions and governance structures which involves backing democratic colloquy across the political spectrum, as well as assisting in training for elections and parliamentary and political caller development. Lastly, Americas support for Nigeria should now be stronger than ever, with the re-institution ofdemocratic government. The touchstone should be genuinely trilateral and mutually skillful relationships uninfluenced by the vagaries of power and companionship standoff in working capital a policy that perpetually engages the people and the leaders of Nigeria, that is not an supplement of any cosmopolitan policy that evermore engages the people and the leaders of Nigeria, that is not an concomitant of any general policy, and that recognizes the fact that only a fundamental restructuring of the political and economic systems can bring about true democracy in Nigeria. 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