The Invention of Paper

Try to imagine life without paper. Even in the era of emails and digital books, paper is all around us. Paper is in shopping bags, money, store receipts, cereal boxes, and toilet paper. We use paper in so many ways every day. So, where did this marvelously versatile material come from? According to ancient Chinese historical sources, a court eunuch named Tsai Lun (or Cai Lun) presented the newly-invented paper to the Emperor Hedi of the Eastern Han Dynasty in 105 CE. The historian Fan Hua (398-445 CE) recorded this version of events, but archaeological finds from western China and Tibet suggest that paper was invented centuries earlier. Samples of even more ancient paper, some of it dating to c. 200 BCE, have been unearthed in the ancient Silk Road cities of Dunhuang and Khotan, and in Tibet. The dry climate in these places allowed the paper to survive for up to 2,000 years without entirely decomposing. Amazingly, some of this paper even has ink marks on it, proving that ink was invented much earlier than historians had supposed. Writing Materials Before  Paper Of course, people in various places around the world were writing long before the invention of paper. Materials such as bark, silk, wood, and leather functioned in a similar way to paper, although they were either much more expensive or heavier. In China, many early works were recorded on long bamboo strips, which were then bound with leather straps or string into books. People world-wide also carved very important notations into stone or bone, or pressed stamps into wet clay and then dried or fired the tablets to preserve their words. However, writing (and later printing) required a material that was both cheap and lightweight to become truly ubiquitous. Paper fit the bill perfectly. Chinese Paper-Making Early paper-makers in China used hemp fibers, which were soaked in water and pounded with a large wooden mallet. The resulting slurry was then poured over a horizontal mold; loosely-woven cloth stretched over a framework of bamboo allowed the water to drip out the bottom or evaporate, leaving behind a flat sheet of dry hemp-fiber paper. Over time, paper-makers began to use other materials in their product, including bamboo, mulberry and different types of tree bark. They dyed paper for official records with a yellow substance, the imperial color, which had the added benefit of repelling insects that might have destroyed the paper otherwise. One of the most common formats for early paper was the scroll. A few long pieces of paper were pasted together to form a strip, which was then wrapped around a wooden roller. The other end of the paper was attached to a thin wooden dowel, with a piece of silk cord in the middle to tie the scroll shut. The Spread of Paper-Making From its point of origin in China, the idea and technology of paper-making spread throughout Asia. In the 500s CE, artisans on the Korean Peninsula began to make paper using many of the same materials as Chinese paper-makers. The Koreans also used rice straw and seaweed, expanding the types of fiber available for paper production. This early adoption of paper fueled the Korean innovations in printing, as well. Metal movable type was invented by 1234 CE on the peninsula. Around 610 CE, according to legend, the Korean Buddhist monk Don-Cho introduced paper-making to the court of Emperor Kotoku in Japan. Paper-making technology also spread west through Tibet and then south into India. Paper Reaches the Middle East and Europe In 751 CE, the armies of Tang China and the ever-expanding Arab Abbasid Empire clashed in the Battle of Talas River, in what is now Kyrgyzstan. One of the most interesting repercussions of this Arab victory was that the Abbasids captured Chinese artisans, including master paper-makers like Tou Houan, and took them back to the Middle East. At that time, the Abbasid Empire stretched from Spain and Portugal in the west through North Africa to Central Asia in the east, so knowledge of this marvelous new material spread far and wide. Before long, cities from Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan) to Damascus and Cairo had become centers of paper production. In 1120, the Moors established Europes first paper mill at Valencia, Spain (then called Xativa). From there, this Chinese invention passed to Italy, Germany, and other parts of Europe. Paper helped spread knowledge, much of which was gleaned from the great Asian culture centers along the Silk Road, that enabled Europes High Middle Ages. Manifold Uses Meanwhile, in East Asia, paper was used for an enormous number of purposes. Combined with varnish, it became beautiful lacquer-ware storage vessels and furniture. In Japan, the walls of homes were often made of rice-paper. Besides paintings and books, paper was made into fans, umbrellas, even highly effective armor. Paper truly is one of the most wonderful Asian inventions of all time.

American Imperialism and the Colonization of the...

American Imperialism and the Colonization of the Philippines The irony of the 1898 Spanish-American war was that Americans fought partly to aid Cubans in the fight for Cuban sovereignty, and the United States ended up colonizing some territories they won from Spain, like the Philippines. Despite America’s previous claims of only supporting independence and democracy, the United States became an imperialist power and colonized the Philippines (Introduction to the Spanish-American war and the Filipino insurgency in the assignment sheet). This led to a Filipino insurgency, led by discontent Filipinos, who fought American troops through guerrilla warfare (Conlin 545). Conlin states that many Americans died fighting against a â€Å"popular†¦show more content†¦President McKinley also believed that America had a duty to â€Å"bring civilization and Christianity to the benighted people of the islands† (McKinley quote, Conlin 582), although Conlin states that many Filipinos were already Christian (Conlin 544). McKinleyâ₠¬â„¢s justification for colonization was that Filipinos were intellectually and morally inferior, so America’s duty was to govern the Philippines and civilize them. McKinley added in his â€Å"Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation† that the Filipinos would be governed by a â€Å"good and stable government† because the Filipinos were incapable of â€Å"overcom[ing] all obstacles† by themselves (Mckinley, Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation 11). Americans argued that the Pacific trade would be important in the future and that Asian markets would be more accessible with the addition of a colony in the Philippines. According to Conlin, many Americans favored a colony in the Philippines because of its economical benefits for America (Conlin 583). Without a base in the Philippines, Americans would feel â€Å"shut out of the Philippines trade† and left with a much weaker â€Å"strategic position in the Pacific† (Conlin 583). According to Beveri dge, â€Å"China is our natural customer,† (Beveridge 14) because of geography and where the countries are located. Americans were producing more goods than their wages would allow them to consume. A Filipino colony would help increase the United States’s trade with AsianShow MoreRelatedWhite Man s Burden By Rudyard Kipling1354 Words   |  6 Pages Imperialism English writer Rudyard Kipling published a very famous poem called â€Å"White Man’s Burden† in 1899 which embodied the European feel of superiority over the indigenous peoples. Kipling published this poem when the Americans were conquering different places. 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They seem to be afraid to use the word â€Å"colonization.† According to Webster’s Dictionary the definition of colonization is, â€Å"The colonial system of political government or extension of territory, by which one nation exerts political control over another nation, territory, or people, maintaining the colony in a state of dependence, its inhabitants not having the same fullRead MoreThe Treaty Of Paris Of 18981119 Words   |  5 Pages An anonymous solider, while stationed in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War, once said, â€Å"I don’t believe the people of the U.S. understand the condition of things here†¦I have seen enough to almost make me ashamed to call myself an American† (Miller). The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was an agreement made that involved Spain renouncing nearly all of its remaining empire, freeing Cuba, as well as ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. 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By means of benefiting one side would be considered as being a world bully because the nation is trying to expand or develop with the help of others without

Match Fixing in Tennis

Question: Discuss about the Match Fixing in Tennis. Answer: Introduction In the past decade, there are 16 players in the tennis sport who have been sent to the tennis integrity unit because of suspicions they have thrown matches. These players were ranked in the top 50 in the matches over the years. The Tennis arena was shocked following reviews that authorities had failed to address full-size fixing, just because the Australian Open, the first ostentatious tournament of the year, kicked off in Melbourne. Professionals said tennis become ripe for corruption because of the benefit of solving a one-on-one recreation, or game. Match fixing has been rampant over the years as the result in the tennis sports appeared to have been manipulated and no results were genuine. The tennis integrity unit is the agency that has been set up to watch over the sport and it has a zero tolerance policy in the approaches to the betting-related corruption. There are many reasons as to why the match-fixing has been an emergent form of corruption in the tennis sports, some of whi ch are discussed in the study. Reasons Why Match-Fixing Has Been Prevalent Business and investment Business and investment has been one of the reasons as to why match-fixing has been rampant. Investors have opened gambling sites where the fans are supposed to place their bets on who will become the winner in the tournament. The investors have been earning much money as people who place wrong bets are losing their money to the investors. People have however taken advantage of the betting and gambling sites and they are using it to carry on their malpractices in the tournaments. In the efforts to fight match-fixing, a gambling site was seen to suspend the bets on the Aussie open match. The suspicions had already been felt in the Australia open earlier in the year (The Guardian, 2015). Owing to this, the betting had to be suspended on grounds of a relatively small-scale mixed doubles match after a large sum of money was flowing in on the obscured match. Suspicions over the alleged match-fixing in the tournament were raised after a big percentage of the bets were flowing in for the pa iring of Andrea Hlavackovaand Luksz Kubot against Lara Arruabarrena and David Marrero. The flowing in of the bets was an indication that the matches had been fixed and something opts to have been done (Hawkins, 2013). Advanced Technology Because of the advanced technology, and the use of internet, match-fixing has been prevalent issue in the tennis sport. As part of their investments, business people have further moved to online platforms and opened online-betting sites where the fans of tennis sport gamble online. As technology is advancing, and he use of digital; devices such as smart phones and tablets, people are now able to bet anywhere and at any time (Blackwood Rubin, 2011). The advanced technology has made it easier for betting to take place as people carry their phones and tablets everywhere they go and they can follow live matches whenever they wish. As such, match-fixing has been prevalent as it is difficult to control the online betting sites because the results can always be manipulated through hacking into the sites and place bets in favor of a particular player. The bets will influence the player as it affects the other player who is bound to lose the tournament following the massive support of the op ponent in the site (Rupert, 2015). Players Race for Fame The players have also been part of the reasons why match-fixing has been emergent in the tennis sport. Some of the players are obsessed in becoming the winner by all means. Most of them are seen going as far as trying to pay off their opponents to lose their match for them. When a case like this is happening, it will be very difficult to find the truth of the matter. As some point in the Australia open, a player was paid a lot of money so he can lose the match for the opponent. Because the player saw this as a malpractice in sport, he chose not to show up for the tournament and never took the offer. Such match-fixing are also there though finding evidence of the same has been a challenge. No player will accept to be named for being paid off to lose his or her tournament. Also no player will agree to be named for paying off the opponent to lose the match for him. Novak Djokovic has revealed that in 2007, he was offered a good amount so he could lose on the first round of the match (Gr asso, 2011). In his response, he never attended the tournament and never considered taking the offer as well. Novak believed that the act was acts of sportsmanship, and a crime in the sport. The scandals in the tennis sport are since becoming big deals with the law. Reports have indicated that the findings in the investigations are more related to the British parliament. The individuals involved in the tennis integrity unit are expected to be invited to hearings. As much as the tennis integrity unit has disciplined the players for fixing, their names are yet to be made known to the public (Bodin Sempe , 2011). Player Safety The players in the field are sometimes forced to involve in the match-fixing activities for fear of their safety. At some occasion, players have been approached and asked to throw their matches at some fee. These people approaching them are either gamblers, or officials from the opponents side (Bell, 2011). In any case the player refuse to take the offer, they are threatened and left with no choice than to obey for fear of their lives. It has been a concern that the gamblers are reaching out to the players even on the tournament sites where sometimes, transactions are seen taking place or in the hotels where the players are residing. In the efforts to find the players involved in the math-fixing, it is also better to look at the other bigger picture. The players are under pressure not because they want to win and take advantage of their short careers, but also because they want to stay safe and financially okay in the sport where corruption has been rampant and has as well been overl ooked (Atkinson, 2009). Lack of Transparency The tennis integrity union has been on zero tolerance on match-fixing; however, their lack of transparency has been another reason why match-fixing has been an emergent issue in the tennis sport. Whenever the union investigated a case on corruption in the sport, the officials never put the names of the culprits on public so they can be known (Andreff Szymanski, 2006). As such, the people involved in the malpractices will still be confident in the sense that they are not known to the public. They still have the courage to face the world in the tournament and claim the titles that might have been achieved through canvassing. It would be best if the tennis integrity union aired the names of the people involved in the match-fixing, it would be easier for them to stay away and never involve in such practices again. Also, airing their names will make the people planning to do the same to avoid doing so and the matches will at least have some transparency (Rowbottom, 2013). Conclusion Business and investment has been one of the reasons as to why match-fixing has been rampant. Investors have opened gambling sites where the fans are supposed to place their bets on who will become the winner in the tournament. Because of the advanced technology, and the use of internet, match-fixing has been prevalent issue in the tennis sport. As part of their investments, business people have further moved to online platforms and opened online-betting sites where the fans of tennis sport gamble online. In the efforts to fight match-fixing, a gambling site was seen to suspend the bets on the Aussie open match. The suspicions had already been felt in the Australia open earlier in the year. Owing to this, a betting site had to suspend the betting on grounds of a relatively small-scale mixed doubles match after a large sum of money was flowing in on the obscured match. References Atkinson, M. (2009).Battleground sports. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=x61zCgAAQBAJpg=PA164dq=match+fixing+i n+tennis+sportshl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=match%20fixing%20in%20t ennis%20sportsf=false Andreff, W., Szymanski, S. (2006).Handbook on the economics of sport. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Retrieved From: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=PGRkblShhU8Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=The+te nnis+integrity+union+has+been+on+zero+tolerance+on+match- fixinghl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Bell, D. (2011).Encyclopedia of international games. Jefferson: McFarland. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=gjPECwAAQBAJpg=PA64dq=At+some+occasi on,+players+in+tennis+have+been+approached+and+asked+to+throw+their+matches+at +some+fee.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=At%20some%20occasion%2C %20players%20in%20tennis%20have%20been%20approached%20and%20asked%20to %20throw%20their%20matches%20at%20some%20fee.f=false Bodin, D., Sempe , G. (2011).Ethics and sport in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Retrieved From: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=bPwnDJOC75YCpg=PA87dq=match+fixing+in +tennis+sportshl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=match%20fixing%20in%20te nnis%20sportsf=false Blackwood, K., Rubin, M. (2011).Casino Gambling For Dummies. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Inc. retrieved From: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=5YqAhPnYqPYCpg=PA16dq=online- betting+sites+where+the+fans+of+tennis+sport+gamble+online.hl=ensa=Xredir_es c=y#v=onepageq=online- betting%20sites%20where%20the%20fans%20of%20tennis%20sport%20gamble%20onl ine.f=false Grasso, J. (2011).Historical dictionary of tennis. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. Retrieved From: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=W39oSS7c2xACpg=PA42dq=Novak+Djokovic +has+revealed+that+in+2007,+he+was+offered+a+good+amount+so+he+could+lose+on +the+first+round+of+the+match.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Novak%2 0Djokovic%20has%20revealed%20that%20in%202007%2C%20he%20was%20offered %20a%20good%20amount%20so%20he%20could%20lose%20on%20the%20first%20ro und%20of%20the%20match.f=false Hawkins, E. (2013).Bookie gambler fixer spy: A journey to the heart of cricket's underworld. London : Bloomsbury, 2013. Retrieved From : https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=ZmU3nqi- nX4Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=match+fixing+in+tennis+sportshl=ensa=Xredir_e sc=y#v=onepageqf=false Rowbottom, M. (2013).Foul play: The dark arts of cheating in sport. London ; New York : Bloomsbury, 2013. Retrieved From: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=lMMYN0jY2u8Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=match +fixing+in+tennis+sportshl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=match%20fixing% 20in%20tennis%20sportsf=false Rupert N., Owen G. (2015) Jack Warner: former kingpin spends night in jail after corruption arrest, The Guardian. Retrieved From: https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/28/former-fifa-kingpin-jack-warner- spends-night-in-jail-after-corruption-arrest The Guardian (2015) Turkish court charges 15 more in Fenerbahce match-fixing scandal, Retrieved September 21, 2016. Retrieved From: https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jul/07/turkey-match-fixing.

Object-Oriented Programming Vs. Procedural Programming Essays

Object-Oriented Programming Vs. Procedural Programming It was way back in the 1970's when Kernighan and Ritchie were working on creating a new programming language they would soon call C. It was called this because a language called B preceded it. C was created with simplicity and flexibility in mind. Its primary use was for writing operating systems, however it became popular for a wide variety of other programs. The one thing that C lacked was support for objects; it was a procedural-oriented program. In a procedural-based programming language, a programmer writes out instructions that are followed by a computer from start to finish. This kind of programming had its advantages, but an object-oriented language makes programming clearer and easier to understand. Object-oriented software is all about using objects. An object actually contains code (member functions) and data (data members). Traditionally, code and data have been kept apart. For example, in the C language, units of code are called functions, while units of data are called structures. Functions and structures are not formally connected in C. A C function can operate on more than one type of structure, and more than one function can operate on the same structure. In object-oriented programming, code and data are merged into a single indivisible thing -- an object. This has some big advantages. A primary rule of object-oriented programming is this: as the user of an object, you should never need to peek inside the box. The way objects work are that a message is sent in and the object knows how to handle it. Thus the user never needs to see the implementation details. By not knowing what is going on inside an object, the user is unable to change the internal implementation code. Providing access to an object only through its messages, while keeping the details private is called encapsulation. The benefits of objects do not stop with encapsulation. Objects also have the special ability to inherit functionality from other objects. When thinking about inheritance and objects, it is useful to distinguish between an is a relationship and a has a relationship because objects can have both types of relationship with each other. If the relationship between class 1 and class 2 can be said, as ?class 1 is a class 2,? then class 2 can derive from class one. If class 2 ?has a? class 1 you use composition to put a class 1 object into class 2 as a data member. So, one may ask, ?What is the benefit of inheritance Well, with inheritance, if you find that someone has already developed an object that is mostly what you need, you can easily add new features without breaking the old ones. In other words, inheritance allows you to easily reuse code. The last aspect of object-oriented programming is polymorphism. Objects are smart enough to be dynamic. Specifically, they have the ability to react differently depending on the situation. Well using polymorphism, an object can be made to handle any scenario with the exact same method name. Thus, depending on what the object is asked to print, it will be able to print it. Polymorphism refers to the ability of an object to have numerous methods with the same name. This is also referred to as method overloading. An object can have multiple methods with the same name but different parameter lists. The appropriate method to execute is chosen at run-time depending on which parameter list is provided in the method call. Instead of having separate methods like printPicture(), printLetters(), and printNumbers() you have one unified print() and the object itself determines how to handle the different types of situations. Perhaps the most serious limitation of procedural programming is the tendency for large procedural-based programs to turn into spaghetti-code. Spaghetti code is code that has been modified so many times that the logical flow shown in the figures above becomes so convoluted that any new programmer coming onto the project needs a two month prep-course in order to even begin to understand the software innards. Thus, an object-oriented approach is taken to limit this so called ?spaghetti-code.? In object-oriented programming, you build small, self-contained bits of code, which correspond more closely to how you

Decomposition of Sodium Bicarbonate - Balanced Equation

Decomposition of Sodium Bicarbonate - Balanced Equation The decomposition reaction of sodium bicarbonate or baking soda is an important chemical reaction for baking because it helps baked goods rise. Its also how you can make sodium carbonate, another useful chemical, also called washing soda. The Equation for the Decomposition of Sodium Bicarbonate The balanced equation for the decomposition of sodium bicarbonate into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide, and water is: 2 NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) CO2(g) H2O(g) Like most chemical reactions, the rate of the reaction depends on temperature. When dry, baking soda doesnt decompose very quickly, although it does have a shelf life, so you should test it before using it as a cooking ingredient or in an experiment. One way to speed up the decomposition of the dry ingredient is by heating it in a warm oven. Baking soda starts to break into washing soda, carbon dioxide, and water at room temperature when mixed with water, which is why you shouldnt store baking soda in an open container or wait too long between mixing a recipe and putting it in the oven. As the temperature increases to the boiling point of water (100 Celcius), the reaction goes to completion, with the  decomposition of all the sodium bicarbonate. Sodium carbonate or washing soda also undergoes a decomposition reaction, although this molecule is more heat-stable than sodium bicarbonate. The balanced equation for the reaction is: Na2CO3(s) → Na2O(s) CO2(g) The decomposition of anhydrous sodium carbonate into sodium oxide and carbon dioxide occurs slowly at room temperature and proceeds to completion at  851 C (1124 K).

Abortion Prolife view essays

Abortion Prolife view essays Abortion, the termination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent life, can either be spontaneous or induced. It is called "the knowing destruction of the life of an unborn child." (Mass General Laws Chapter 112 Section 12K) When abortion occurs spontaneously, it is called a miscarriage. However, when the loss of a fetus is caused intentionally, it is regarded as a moral issue. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and is illegal in many countries. An estimate of 1.2 million are performed each year. In retrospect, an estimate 38,010,378 innocent children were aborted since 1973 when the process was legalized. Abortion is a simple and safe procedure if it is done by trained medical workers during the first trimester. There are four different techniques utilized during the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. Suction aspiration, also known as vacuum curettage, is the most common surgical means of abortion. This is when a powerful suction tube with a sharp cutting edge is inserted into the womb through the dilated cervix. The suction dismembers the body of the developing baby, tearing the placenta from the wall of the uterus, and sucking blood, amniotic fluids, placental tissue, and fetal parts into a bottle. Although it is one of the safer methods, there are still frequent complications such as infection and tearing of the uterus, causing hemorrhaging. Dilatation and Curettage (Ds body into pieces. The placenta is then scraped off the uterine wall. There is a higher risk of infection with D RU 486 and Methotrexate are two similar types of chemical abortion. RU 486 is a pill that can be taken orally only during the five to nine week period. Three trips must be made to the abortion clinic. In the first, the RU 486 pill is administered af...

Customer Orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Customer Orientation - Essay Example The subject of customer orientation, that was discussed in this essay has become a subject of interest not only to the business world, but also to the scholarly world. In the recent past, companies have committed a lot of resource on researching on the subject of customer orientation behavior and building of organization culture that is customer oriented. There have been systematic effort by many companies to come up with programs especially in their production and sales department that are customer oriented. Companies have encouraged their sales people to implement behavior which are customer oriented and which focus on the integration of marketing concepts and customer oriented behaviors. Satisfaction of customers has been the guiding principle in the operation of many companies. Concept places more emphasize on the need to listen to the needs of the customer. In this regard it tries to find out what kind of products the customer needs in the market and what response customer gives about the product that they are provided with. The researcher then concluds that this concept as used in management and business can be seen as a way of staying closer to the customers or putting the customer at the to pf o the organization chart. This means that the customer become the most important person in the business organization. It is also stated that the main focus of customer orientation is in production and in sales. This knowledge will help the researcher to provide his customers with servicers that are tailored to their needs. ... This means that the customer become the most important person in the organization. The main focus of customer orientation is in production and in sales. (Berneisten, 2004) Which behavior can be considered as customer oriented There are several behaviors which can bee seen as customer oriented. These are behavior and actions that are aimed at meeting the satisfaction of the customers. These action include thinking and talking about clients, assessing customer perception, resolving priority issue in favor of customer, making amends for poor treatment of customers, employing any policy at hand in order to satisfy the needs of the customers, re-aligning processes and redeployment of resource which are geared toward ensuring high quality services to the customers, and many other action all which are aimed at satisfying the needs of the customers. (Hunt, 2000) Therefore customer oriented actions are those actions which will be opposed to sales action that are geared toward achieving immediately increased sales of a product rather than satisfying the needs of the customers. Sales oriented actions are geared towards achieving immediate sales with no regard to the benefit the product will have on the customers. Therefore as opposed to sales oriented actions, customer oriented actions will be looking at satisfying the needs of the customer and hence it will involve collecting the view of the customer about products and services and likewise giving redeploying service and process to suit the needs of the customers. How can a corporate create a customer oriented culture The culture of a corporation is one of the most important aspects that determine how an organization performs. Different Corporations have been known by different culture where they

Risks in the Project Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risks in the Project Management - Case Study Example The author of the paper states that project management helps avoid problems associated with the project (Reiss, 2007, p.2). Hence in order to accomplish a project successfully role of a project manager is significant (Gido and Clements, 2008, p.303). In general, a project is faced with three constraints result, budget and time (Thomsett, 2009, p.7). Therefore to overcome these limitations the control process must have to strong. The case entails about two companies namely ACME fabricators and Arbor industries. ACME fabricator is in the process of setting their new factory and office at a semi-semi-rural. The company is socially responsible and would like their premises to be cleaner and greener. Hence in order to carry out landscaping activities, the company invited tender. Arbor industries, a company involved in the activities of landscaping was selected for the project. In order to ensure representations from both the sides Arbor has appointed a project manager to administer the wh ole process while the finance manager of ACME was given the role of overseeing the project. The project was running smoothly until the newly leveled lawns got damaged due to heavy vehicles. Due to this phenomenon, the first meeting between the two parties took place to decide the issue pertaining to damaging of the lawn. However, to sort out the issue there were verbal agreements between the two representatives. As things started to roll on smoothly, the finance manager suddenly left the company. The new representative who came from the side of ACME was unaware of the verbal contracts and several other internal matters. This has led to huge confusions between the two companies and created dissatisfaction. Nevertheless, the project ended before the deadline but with an exceeding budget. After the completion of the project, the senior executives found that the results were unsatisfactory, and did not resemble the proposed sketch. The next half of the report will discuss the issues rai sed in the case. A post-project review is necessary for the evaluation of project performance (Hedeman, Haren & Heemst, 2006, p.103). In this context, it will mainly sort out differences between the two parties. A post-project review is defined as the ultimate formal evaluation of the project that examines any new lessons which might benefit the future projects (Zedtwitz, 2002, p.256). How would you set about conducting such a review? The assessment is about examining what went wrong with the project and what can be done to enhance the quality of future projects.  

Management Process and Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

Management Process and Organizational Behavior Essay Q.1 â€Å"Today managers need to perform various functions†: Elaborate the statement Managers create and maintain an internal environment, commonly called the organization, sothat others can work efficiently in it. A manager’s job consists of planning, organizing, directing,and controlling the resources of the organization. These resources include people, jobs or positions, technology, facilities and equipment, materials and supplies, information, and money.Managers work in a dynamic environment and must anticipate and adapt to challenges.The manager looks after more than one function. Therefore, managerial practices usedsuccessfully in big firms cannot be blindly used in small-scale units. Basic managerial functionsin large and small business are the same. But the manner in which these functions should becarried out can be different.Managing starts with planning. A manager with a definite and well defined plan has morechances of success than another who tries to start an enterprise without planning. According toKillen† planning is the process of deciding in advance what is to be done‚who is to do it‚how it isto be done and when it is to be done’’. Planning involves thinking and decision and is, therefore,called a logical process. Planning is a continuous process as changes in plans have to be madefrom time to time to take care of changing environment. Many a times, a vague approach isadapted to planning in a small firm. There is a false impression that small firms areuncomplicated and do not require planning. The small-scale manager does not want to engagehis employees in the planning process due to the desire to keep the secrets with him. Personalaccountability for results, lack of expert staff and not having planning skills are other major obstacles to planning in small firms. The owner or manager of a small enterprise is too involvedin day-to-day operation to try planning before commencing actual operation. But they need pre-planning most because small firms have limited resources to conquer their upcoming problemand cannot afford to finance losses that can take place while adjusting to unanticipatedhappenings/changes.An manager needs an enterprise which can achieve the business objectives. During thefunction of organizing he leads human resources to successful completion of the project,arranging the functions and activities into different levels in the organization structure, thusfacilitating the assignments of personnel according to their capabilities, skills and motivation.According to Peter F. Drucker the process of organizing consists of three steps activitiesanalysis, decisions analysis and relation analysis.(i). Activities Analysis: It consists of the following:a) Determining the main functions for achieving the objectives of the firm.b) Various sub-functions in each major function.c) Amount of work in each major function and its sub-function.d) The position required to perform the activities.(ii) Decisions Analysis: It consists of the following:a) Choosing the basis of departmentalization so that functions could be grouped intospecialized units. Generally, functional departmentation is appropriate for small-scaleunits. Customers, Products and territories are ot her important base of departmentalization.b) Choosing the type of organization structure so that departments are incorporated into aformal structure. MBA Sem-IManagement Process and Organizational Behavior Subject code MB0022 (iii) Relations Analysis: The authority, responsibility and accountability of every position and itsrelationship with other positions are clearly defined. Various positions are manned with personshaving the necessary education, training, experience and other qualifications.To obtain best possible benefit from each employee it is necessary to delegate functions as far-down in the organization as possible. Owners of small firms are often reluctant to delegatingauthority to their employees even though they expect them to do all functions allocated to themthat require authority. For effective completion of tasks, it is necessary that responsibilityaccompanies the necessary authority. In directing a manager has to supervise, guide, lead and motivate people so that they canachieve set targets of performance. In the process of directing his subordinates, a manager ensures that the employees fulfill their tasks according to the set plans. Directing is theexecutive function of management because it is concerned with the execution of plan andpolicies. Directing commences organized action and sets the whole organizational machineryinto action. It is, therefore, the life giving function of an organization. This is the area where themastery of the art and science of management is put to test. An manager’s leadership styledetermines the work atmosphere and culture of the organization. Above all, he must motivateemployees by setting a good example, setting practical targets of performance and providingsatisfactory monetary and non- monetary benefits.In directing a manager has to perform the following tasks:(a) Issuing orders and instructions(b) Supervising workers(c) Motivating i.e. inspiring to work efficiently for set objectives(d) Communicating with employees regarding plans and their implementation.(e) Leadership or influencing the actions or employees. Controlling is the process of ensuring that the organization is moving in the desired directionand that progress is being made to wards the achievement of goals.The answer to a profitable organization is the skill of the owner or manager to controloperations. He has to establish standards of performance, procedures, goals and budgets. Withthese guides, he supervises job progress, workers performance and the financial condition of the business. The controlling function of the owner manager includes:Setting of standards: Control presumes the existence of standards against which actual resultsare to be evaluated. Standards can not control on their own but they are the targets againstwhich actual performance can be measured. Therefore they should be set clearly andaccurately. They should be precise, adequate, and feasible.Measurement of actual performance: The actual performance is measured and evaluated incomparison with the set standards. Preferably measurement should be such that variation maybe identified in advance of occurrence and prevented by suitable action. Where work involved isof quantitative nature measurement of performance is not difficult. But when the work is notquantifiable measurement becomes difficult. Periodical reports test checks and audits arehelpful in precise measurement of performance. MBA Sem-IManagement Process and Organizational Behavior Subject code MB0022 Analysis of variances: Comparison of actual performance with standards will reveal variation.Variations are analysed to identify their cause and their impact on the organization. Correctiveaction can be possible only where the causes of the problem spots have been identified.Clarification may be called for sudden variation.Taking corrective action: Control means action on the basis of measurement and evaluation of results. Wherever possible self- determining device should be used for bringing back actualresults in line with the standards. Standards should be revised wherever necessary. Other stepsto prevent deviations can be re-organization, improvements in staffing and directions etc. Thereal meaning of control lies in the commencement and follow-up of remedial action. At thisstages control unites with planning.

The AFL Canadian: Labor, National Identity, and Transnational Discourse

The AFL Canadian: Labor, National Identity, and Transnational Discourse 1936-1955 â€Å"The American Federation of Labor is an American organization,† declared William Green, president of the AFL, in his 1947 keynote speech, â€Å"It believe[d] in American, the fundamental law of the United States, the Constitution, freedom, liberty and democracy. We will have nothing to do with Communism in any shape, or form ... This sixty-sixth convention will redeclare its opposition to Communism and to Communist philosophy, and ... to [those who would] attempt to establish it among the organized labor of our country.† Though Green declared â€Å"Communism abhorrent to American labor† not all the members of the AFL were American. Indeed, Canadians and their unions had been part of the AFL since its inception in 1881. Craft unions in Canada were primarily organized under the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada (TLC), which had been a subdivision of the AFL since 1910. However the power relation between these two groups had been hotly contested over that time. Should the Trades and Labor Congress be able to act independently of the AFL leadership? After all, as Green said in his 1947 speech, â€Å"The American Federation of Labor is an American organization.† Canada was a sovereign state, yet its labor organizations were dominated by a foreign power. At the 1939 American Federation of Labor convention in Atlantic City, NJ, this issue of Canadian labor sovereignty in regards to the AFL came to the fore. The executive council of the AFL recommended giving the Trades and Labor Congress sole authority to grant central labor body charters. Although primarily an economically unimportant act, as central labor bodies did not arbitrate wages or work conditions,... ...f the AFL, I am well acquainted with the particularities of union research. Additionally, over the summer and continuing through this year, I have been working on a labor economics research project between the National Bureau of Economic Research, the Federal Reserve, and Columbia. Developing econometric models of wage variation between industries, I could perform statistical analysis of data, although the focus of my project will always be on the voices of the rank-and-file, not an aggregation of the quantifiable. As I am conversant in economic theory however, I can use my knowledge of international trade and labor economics to detail the backdrop against which the Toronto AFL story develops. I believe I can bring the voices of the Toronto rank-and-file into the Canadian historical conversation, which will bring greater detail to the Canadian historical narrative.

Rousseau and Wollstonecraft

â€Å"The neglected education of my fellow-creatures is the grand source of the misery I deplore. â€Å"-Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Rousseau and Wollstonecraft believed that children should be allowed to grow freely and learn to use their education practically. Children would then grow up to be free thinking adults that would keep soceity from becoming materialistic and oppressing. Nonetheless, they vehemently disagreed on who should receive such an education. Rousseau thought that only males, because they are stronger should receive such and education. Wollstonecraft believed everyone, no matter what sex, should be able to be educated to reform and better society as a whole. Though both their works were considered extreme, they are both apparent in the public education system of today. Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) and Rousseau (1712-1778) both agreed that society oppressed human kind, but Wollstonecraft felt that men were oppressing women. They both believed that education should mean letting children grow freely and placing little restrictions. They should protect them from immediate dangers and provide food and shelter. They should not, however, force books and controlled learning upon the children. He thought that children should also develop common sense and each child would choose whatever interests him to study in greater detail. He thought that this method of education would produce a well balanced, free thinking child. Therefore this would lead to a natural society rather than a materialistic one. Rousseau†s theory of natural education was not intended for all children. He felt that girls should be limited motherhood, and how to be a wife. To Rousseau, women exist in order to serve man, because they are weaker. Wollstonecraft stated that women should be taught medicine in order to take care of parents, infants, and husbands properly. She endorsed equal education for all children no matter what the sex. They should not only be taught the same things, but should be taught together, to learn social interaction they would encounter as adults. Girls and boys would attend day school together and then boys would be sent to their apprenticeships and girls would learn how to sew and other skills. Wollstonecraft tried to prove that by denying a woman†s education you are denying her the ability to raise children adequately. Therefore it would benefit both sexes if women were properly educated. Rousseau was applauded for advocating human rights and natural education but when it concerned women he broke no new ground. He actually promoted women†s role as a wife and mother present to serve her husband. He stated that because women were weaker physically that their minds were as well. Wollstonecraft upheld his philosophy of natural education to encourage individual freedom to benefit society. However, she detested his treatment of women. She advised that women and men should both be educated, and educated together. Both of Emile and The Vindication of the Right†s of Women were considered radical, they were both revolutionaries. Emile impacted practical applications, and the exploration of natural curiosity in education. Wollstonecraft†s radical idea of educating boys and girls equally, and together are applied on public education today.

Christian and Wiccan beliefs Essay

Two miles south of where Mary Anne lived, I encountered Sheila, a 36 year old self-professed astrology and tarot card reader working part-time for a local pharmacy. My initial data revealed that Sheila belonged to the Wiccan Rede principle which is currently considered radical among traditional Wiccan groups. Fortunately, Sheila was at home on her day-off and was talking animatedly with a client in her front porch. While waiting for her client to leave, I was allowed to wander around her house which was surrounded by huge trees making her home look gloomy. After a few minutes, I was ushered in and Sheila welcomed me graciously knowing full well about my intentions. She began by explaining how their group had grown lesser over the years as the other wiccan practitioners complained on the religious incorporation of Christian and Wiccan beliefs. Sheila added that the element of Wicca which includes fertility and reincarnation is incorporated in the key points of the divinity of Jehovah, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit as retained from Christianity that was also quoted in Guiley (1999). According to her, the combination of two religions, which was traditionally at odds with one another, is frequently criticized by members of other wiccan sects. For her, there is no other One God as the greatest and the Lord of all and that the Earth is the Goddess of common Wicca. She has equated the Holy Spirit as a Feminine deity that may be regarded as the Great Mother Goddess similar to the Christian thought. With this in mind, she showed me a picture of the Madonna and Child and claimed that the Holy Spirit is actually embodied in the Virgin Mary. Their small liberalized group was initiated by the BTW or the British Traditional Witchcraft coven. They were widely criticized according to her because many Wiccan practitioners consider Christianity to be incompatible with the pagan philosophy. She added that the merging of Christian and pagan beliefs was considered a lambaste to the Wiccan religion since the Christian faith is male-dominated and an insufficient acceptance of true Wiccan belief. She explained that Wicca, as a ditheistic religion may contain a male god and female goddess giving equal emphasis to the aspects of both divine beings. Admittedly, she said that the principal tenets of Christian Wicca elevate the status of a God which altogether makes it different as there is no equality between the male and female according to Guiley (1999). In the elements of nature symbolically represented by different objects, the Christian wicca believes in the instance of crystals and stones as objects for the element earth, and seashells for the water element in Salomonsen (2002). Sheila added that their group also worships and observes the eight sabbats of the year and the full moon. Most of the practitioners in their group may practice in solitaries but do attend gatherings and other community events but reserve other rituals when they are alone. Their initiation into a coven begins with a one-year study before the actual initiation that spins a religious dedication. She related her initial experience at the thrill of being able to join the coven six years ago which had been a long time dream for her. She had already ventured in yoga and Asian Buddhism before finally exploring the Christian wicca. Sheila unlike Mary Ann does not want to show me her altar and her wares but pointed out a small hut beside the family house as her â€Å"solitary camp† to prevent family members from disturbing her. For Sheila, wicca should not be mistaken for witchcraft as they are simply a religion with ethical standards to live by.

Sex Tourism in Thailand Essays

Sex Tourism in Thailand Essays Sex Tourism in Thailand Paper Sex Tourism in Thailand Paper The Southeast Asian region is one of the most dynamic tourist destinations in the world. Hordes of Western visitors visit the region for its scenic spots, warm climate, and unique culture. This influx of visitors creates employment opportunities for the locals and augments the income of the poor. More importantly, tourists bring with them currencies that are needed by countries to engage in international trade. In Thailand, tourism revenue amounts to six percent of the countrys gross domestic product of US$196. 6 billion. While tourism is greatly encouraged for the benefits it brings to the countries of destination, it also has its dark side. Not all of the tourists who visit Asia are in the region to do what ordinary tourists do. Some of them are in Asia to seek a different kind of entertainment that traditional tours dont provide. Men, being enterprising by nature, have created another purpose for tourism by linking it with prostitution in what is commonly known as the sex tourism industry. As the term implies, it uses commercial sex as a come-on to visitors. Thus, tours are not solely organised to visit historical venues and picturesque spots, theyre also conducted to provide foreigners access to the red light districts. Sex tourism is loosely defined as engaging the services of prostitutes for carnal pleasures typically by tourists from affluent countries. The United Nations World Tourism Organization unit describes sex tourism as organised trips under the guise of common tours with the primary purpose of providing tourists commercial sexual activities with residents in a particular destination. Despite the enactment of an anti-children prostitute law, minors are still engaged in this trade. Sownia Nairs essay written for the U. S. Department of Justice in 2007 and the Royal Thai Embassy in Washington will be cited to provide perspective on the issue. Like other studies, this paper found a correlation between poverty and prostitution. But in addition, this paper will also probe if sex workers are willing participants or theyre doing the trade for other reasons. In this regard, Justin Halls Prostitution in Thailand and South East Asia will be cited to relate women experiences in the trade. A study conducted by Cholthira Satyawadhna will also be referenced in explaining gender-based labor division in Thailand and its relation to prostitution. Health concerns will always be involved when commercial sex is the issue. Thai sex workers are among the worlds high-risk groups to contact the deadly HIV/AIDS virus. In the late 1980s, an AIDS epidemic spread throughout Thailand as sex workers and drug dependents who were infected spread the disease to their customers, wives, husbands, partners and children. As a result, the government launched a massive campaign to control the situation. A report from the international organisation AVERT and other groups are used to trace how AIDS spread in Thailand and what control measures where implemented by the government to stop the disease. Sex Tourism 6 Prostitution: History Current Situation Chinese voyager Ma Huan alluded in 1433 about a certain practice by some Thai people that could be likened to prostitution. In 1604, Dutch visitors to the country have certainly mentioned in their records that there are whores in Siam (Thailands old name). There are no records, however, that points to how this trade exactly started. The point is, prostitution has long been practiced in the country. Anthony Reid, a distinguished Australian scholar of Southeast Asian history, has cited that what appears to be the beginning of brothels in the country was in the 1680s when a Thai official was given a monopoly to run a prostitution den using hundreds of slave women as sex workers. During those times, majority of the customers were locals and some were Chinese. In the twentieth century, Western involvement in Thailands sex trade began when American soldiers came to the country during their rest and relaxation period from the Vietnam War to find solace and entertainment, which they generally found on cabarets with English names. These clubs have thousands of hostesses that the soldiers can have in exchange for a sum of money. As for the Japanese people, it was the soldiers in the Second World War that first came in contact with the Thai sex workers. In fact, it was the Japanese conquerors who forced women from captive lands to engage in sex.

Lessons we have learned from Suits. Read all about it here

Lessons we have learned from Suits. Read all about it here 5 Life Lessons we’ve learned from 'Suits' Life is made up of fascinating and memorable moments. We get to learn so many things from different spheres of life, some are learned from the streets, and others are learned from books and few from experiences. All we need to do is just pay little attention to these experiences. You can gain knowledge about social and business confidence from USA Network’s Suits. The wake of pain caused by retained emotional wounds can be taught by Sopranos and the breaking bad teaches you about pride and limits of loyalty. The following are the list of 5 lessons you can acquire from Suit: 1) Recognize Your Character: In the show Suits, Harvey is known to be proud, bold and charming. He is a man who recognizes his worth and doesn't allow what people say about him to discourage him or pull him down rather he utilizes their negativity to his advantage. How to apply this in your life? Have this at the back of your mind that the world perceives you from your own point of perception. If you see yourself as a failure the world will see and treat you as a failure that has nothing good to offer to them, this is why it is of good importance your carry yourself with a lot of dignity. Don’t be easily swayed by other people opinions about you. If someone provides you a reason to re-adjust your opinion or direction, reflect that in private and not in the open. Make your decision in a relaxed state of mind, rather than accepting their opinion in the moment because it sounds good. 2. Your Appearance: In the first episode of Suits, Harvey stated: â€Å"People react to how we’re dressed, if you want to be addressed as a king you may need to dress in notable regalia or else you will be addressed as a slave if you dress otherwise. For you to be the person you want people to address you as; you need to begin taking steps to doing things that will depict you to others the way you want to be addressed. So like it or not this is what you ought to do. The way you dress your body and move your body - your body language - provides a path for others to know your intention. 3. Be focused on getting solutions: At an early scene, Harvey asked Mike, his apprentice fake lawyer, â€Å"What choices do you have when someone places a gun to your head?† Mike replied him that he will do exactly what he is being instructed to do. Then Harvey responded with this golden nugget of a line: â€Å"Wrong! You either take hold of the gun, or you pull out a bigger one for yourself and you can do any one of the hundred and forty-six other things.† Having this kind of mindset Harvey said enables you to stay focus and not wallowing in depression. Rather it gives you room to be a solution provider for yourself and for others and this contributes to you gaining recognition and respect from others. 4. Try to maintain a strong eye contact: When you do this it shows your level of confidence and enables the person you are with to know how engrossed you are in their situation at the moment. A strong eye contact can be maintained between your clients, families and of course attractive women. 5. Believe in yourself: Harvey best quality was the faith he had in himself; he was so confident about his resources mentally, abilities and his dispositions. Harvey said it is better to ask for mercy rather than permission because if we depend on other people to accept or organize our next steps in life, we will never know what it means to grow or triumph over issues of life.

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman - Essay Example By taking her away from things that are important to her, such as her ability to read and write, John causes the narrator to become insane. Although The Yellow Wallpaper has all the elements of a fictional short story such as plot, setting, characters and a common point of view, the story gives us an insight into the author’s world and time, especially the subjugated role of woman in the 19th century. Gilman’s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† begins when the main character, an unnamed woman, her husband, their newborn baby and her sister-in-law go to a rented summer house. The house, especially the room the narrator stays in, is the setting of the story. The story takes place at about the time it was written, the late 19th century. At the beginning of the story, the narrator is suffering from postpartum depression, and the summer house will function as a place for her to recuperate. The narrator feels uneasy in the rented mansion and wishes to spend her ti me writing and socializing. She is of the opinion that activity and interesting work will help her condition. However, the narrator’s physician husband, John, forbids her from engaging in any type of physical activity and does not even allow her to see her baby. This causes the narrator to feel lonely and bored. The conflict results in the narrator’s repression. She begins her secret journal, Sebastian 2 writing about her thoughts. As the narrator is forced to lie in bed all day and rest, she becomes entranced by the yellow wallpaper in her room and tries to decode its design. First, the narrator sees the wallpaper as ugly. Next, she sees patterns and shapes in it and finally, she sees a woman trapped behind it and trying desperately to get out from it. The climax of the story is when the narrator who has gone completely crazy, tears off the wallpaper so that she can never be put back into her prison. When John comes home, he finds the door to his bedroom locked. Later , John sees his wife creeping on the floor and faints. At the conclusion of the story, the narrator continues to strip off the wallpaper, convinced that she has found freedom at last. The narrator who is unnamed in the story is the protagonist. She is a new mother and the wife of a doctor. When she suffers from nervous depression, she and her husband rent a country house so that she can rest and recover. She is confined to a room that used to be a nursery. Despite her love for writing, her husband, John, does not allow her to read, write or engage in any mental activity. â€Å"He hates me to write a word†, she says. The narrator, however, has a different opinion: â€Å"Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good. But what is one to do?† (Gilman). The narrator is feeling trapped in a marriage that does not allow her freedom to express herself. Thus, she begins to write a secret journal and becomes obsessed with the yellow wall paper. First, she sees the soiled, ripped and an unclean yellow wallpaper. Then, she notes, â€Å"But there is something else about the paper – the smell! †¦The only thing I can think of that it is like, is the color of the paper! A yellow smell† (Gilman). The smell shows the progression towards insanity. She is first bothered by the sight of the pattern and now the smell. Her mind has completely overpowered her senses, making her believe these things. Eventually, she associates herself with the woman who appears to be behind bars or in a Sebastian 3 cage. Her final act of

Marketing management case 2 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing management 2 - Case Study Example Motor starters were installed on or near individual pieces of equipment and usually operated only a single motor. They ranged in price from $50 to several thousand dollars. Motor control centers consisted of dozens or even hundreds of motor starters that were combined in a customized enclosure and were capable of starting motors in various areas of the plant from a centralized location. They ranged in price from less than $50 000 to several hundred thousand dollars. The motor starter made fewer sales than the projections. It however managed to sell 8.5% of the entire industry sales. Repair parts were the most improved products, after realizing sales of 14% of the whole industry sales. The control centre increased in sales by 83.03 5%, the motor starter product fell by 5.76% and the repair parts increased by 25.42%. The total performance for all the products was an increase of 8.952% from 2001 to 2002. 1. Yvonne Belanger, owner of Yvonne’s European Deli, has decided that she wants to add a new item to the current selection of baked goods she sells in her upscale deli. Currently, she sells cookies and brownies for $2 each, and muffins for $3 each. She makes a standard 30% margin on all sales. Yvonne wants to buy homemade apple, cherry, and lemon pies and sell them from a local supplier for $10 each. 3. Fashion Forward operates three retail locations across Canada: in Halifax, Toronto, and Vancouver. It recently purchased a limited-edition collection of 300 designer dresses and sent 100 to each city. The dresses were all suggested to sell for $1200 each; all dresses had a net cost to Fashion Forward of $400. Sales results from the three locations varied: 1. Ontario Steel Manufacturing (OSM) manufactures steel components for other manufacturers. It has the opportunity to make stainless steel taps and faucets for a Canadian hardware company that will then package the products and sell them under

Biography of Rovin Jay and Jonathan Larson Research Paper

Biography of Rovin Jay and Jonathan Larson - Research Paper Example He wrote an autobiography, Tick Tick to express his disappointment. Billy Aronson a playwright collaborated with Jonathan on updating la Boh’eme a show that was later named Rent. They also wrote three songs together before separating. The Rent show was relevant to his generation and incorporated gays, those who are straight, battling with AIDS and loneliness. Alongside he also did other things, he wrote a revue about teen issues, produced a video for children called Away We Go. He won Richard Rodgers grant for Rent in 1994 and at the same time the New York theater workshop agreed to mount a studio production for him. He quit his waiter job and worked with his producers, project director Michael Greif, and theater artistic Jim Nicola. Shortly thereafter the show was cast and rehearsals began. Unfortunately, Larson died before his show could pick up. The show gained a lot of publicity and was transferred to Broadway. The show has won many awards including the 1996 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Four Tonys (Larson page 59) There is little information provided about Robin jay, however he an American based producer of rent and an Actor at Knotts Berry Farm. After rent moved to Broadway production it won Tony Award but the production closed soon after. The achievement of the show however led to several foreign productions. Later on the show moved to motion picture in which most of the early cast members were included. Among them were Director Rovin Jay, Choregrapher Sonya Randall and Music Director Brian Sherick. He acted as the Samaritan in a Christmas Carol, and Narrator 1 in the Gift of the Magi at the world famous Bird Cage Theatre. For eight years, he was the actor of Disneyland Resort, and in 2009 he performed as Naphtali the calypso singing brother and the Technicolor Dreamcoat (Larson 24). For four months, he

The Indian Removal Period Essay Example for Free

The Indian Removal Period Essay The Indian removal period, just like the just and lawful wars fought against native tribes, was yet another attempt to acquire immense wealth and power over the American territories. Although this was much humane than the eradication of Indian populations, the removal in itself, both as a legal concept and its implementation, is debatable. It is unfair to take away or limit the Indians’ right to their property, as well as their way of life. The implementation of the Indian removal was based on fraudulent and fabricated assumptions and assertions regarding the tribes. It was baseless, and it steps on the culture and the traditions of the Indian tribes. The Indian removal was a way for the U. S. government to anchor the accomplishment of their goals for expansion and acquisition of natural wealth and resources, mostly concentrated in Indian territories. Moreover, Americans used the Indians as slaves, without some of them even knowing it. This is mainly due to the Indians’ loss of power to decide freely, for they were only given choices, and both were agreeable to the U. S. government. The Indian removal was implemented by the U. S. government because it is less risky when it comes to considering the predisposition of uprising. Perhaps the Americans wanted to avoid aggressive and forceful reactions from the Indian tribes; therefore, they initiated treaties with the tribes. The Indian population would also serve them purpose in order to achieve their goals, in terms of toil and labor. The Indian removal was successful in its efforts because most of the lands and territories were yielded to the government. Although the land and territorial exchange also provided for the demands of the tribe members, the result of the trade was more agreeable to the Americans because it paved way to the realization of their goals and objectives. For the Indians, the Indian removal cost them their land, their culture, and their identity. Indians who agreed to join the government suffered greatly as slaves or laborers without being provided rightful compensation. They were stripped off their right to become a valuable, notable, and contributory part of society. For those who entered the Indian country, they were not recognized nor respected as landowners. Either way, the Indians were cheated, persecuted, and tormented by the U. S. government.

Comparison of The Matrix and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Essay

Comparison of The Matrix and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Andy and Larry Wachowski's movie, The Matrix parallels many of the characters and themes that are explored in Philip K. Dick's novel, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. There are five main characters or groups of people that are explored in Dick's novel. First, Morpheus, the leader of the "unplugged" individuals, emulates the role that the Rosen Association plays. Next, Cypher, an underhanded man, who is comparable to Rachel Rosen, a typical android, shows no empathy towards anyone. Surprisingly, Rick Deckard, an android killer and the main character, resembles the "agents" in The Matrix. Following Rick, the androids represent the enlightened men and women in The Matrix. Lastly, John Isidore, an unintelligent man, symbolizes the mass amount of people plugged into the Matrix. On a grander scale, the Matrix itself is very much like Mercerism, a way of life, which is explored in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. In addition to this, both futures contain the results of world-wide-wars. To start, the Rosen Association, an android producing and harboring organization, compares to Morpheus in a variety of ways. The Rosen Association creates new androids just as Morpheus frees minds. Neither of which, are easy tasks. Rick is talking with the head of the Rosen Association, Eldon Rosen, about a test he needs to perform on some androids. Eldon complies with Rick, but he explains to him that it is not that easy, "We can't just phone down to production and ask for a diverse flock of items"(44). Androids are very complex and cannot just be mass produced. Morpheus has a similar problem. Humans are also extremely complex. It is dangerous to free a mind that i... ...p? and The Matrix, both contain futures that are strikingly similar in a number of ways. Primarily, the characters in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? match up perfectly with those in The Matrix. Dick's characters and creations: The Rosen Association, Rachel Rosen, Rick Deckard, the androids, and John Isidore resemble Morpheus, Cypher, the "agents," the "unplugged," and the people plugged into the matrix respectively. Interestingly, both stories involve global warfare. Finally and most obviously, Mercerism and the matrix itself serve the same exact purpose, which is to blind people from the truth in oder to control them with more ease. Works Cited Dick, Philip K. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. New York: Ballantine Books, 1968. Matrix, The. Dir. Andy Wachowski, Larry Wachowski. Perf. Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne. Film. Warner Brothers,1999. Comparison of The Matrix and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Essay Comparison of The Matrix and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Andy and Larry Wachowski's movie, The Matrix parallels many of the characters and themes that are explored in Philip K. Dick's novel, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. There are five main characters or groups of people that are explored in Dick's novel. First, Morpheus, the leader of the "unplugged" individuals, emulates the role that the Rosen Association plays. Next, Cypher, an underhanded man, who is comparable to Rachel Rosen, a typical android, shows no empathy towards anyone. Surprisingly, Rick Deckard, an android killer and the main character, resembles the "agents" in The Matrix. Following Rick, the androids represent the enlightened men and women in The Matrix. Lastly, John Isidore, an unintelligent man, symbolizes the mass amount of people plugged into the Matrix. On a grander scale, the Matrix itself is very much like Mercerism, a way of life, which is explored in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. In addition to this, both futures contain the results of world-wide-wars. To start, the Rosen Association, an android producing and harboring organization, compares to Morpheus in a variety of ways. The Rosen Association creates new androids just as Morpheus frees minds. Neither of which, are easy tasks. Rick is talking with the head of the Rosen Association, Eldon Rosen, about a test he needs to perform on some androids. Eldon complies with Rick, but he explains to him that it is not that easy, "We can't just phone down to production and ask for a diverse flock of items"(44). Androids are very complex and cannot just be mass produced. Morpheus has a similar problem. Humans are also extremely complex. It is dangerous to free a mind that i... ...p? and The Matrix, both contain futures that are strikingly similar in a number of ways. Primarily, the characters in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? match up perfectly with those in The Matrix. Dick's characters and creations: The Rosen Association, Rachel Rosen, Rick Deckard, the androids, and John Isidore resemble Morpheus, Cypher, the "agents," the "unplugged," and the people plugged into the matrix respectively. Interestingly, both stories involve global warfare. Finally and most obviously, Mercerism and the matrix itself serve the same exact purpose, which is to blind people from the truth in oder to control them with more ease. Works Cited Dick, Philip K. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. New York: Ballantine Books, 1968. Matrix, The. Dir. Andy Wachowski, Larry Wachowski. Perf. Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne. Film. Warner Brothers,1999.

Competitive Strategies That Accenture Use Essay

Based on the sources gained, Accenture is practicing a competitive strategy which is differentiation strategy. Differentiation strategy is to offer products or services that are unique and superior value compared to the competitors but to target wide market. Accenture is a company that provides global consulting management services, technology services and outsourcing services to 257000 clients in more than 120 countries. Accenture is expertise in consulting management strategies to all types of Business Company. They always try to improve their performance to advance their clients. They operating and formulate new strategies to meet client’s business goals. Accenture helps their clients around the world enter new markets, increasing revenue in existing markets, improve their operational performance and deliver their products and services more effectively and efficiently by providing their services. Besides that, Accenture tries to enhance in outsourcing business recently because Accenture says that it is a wider market for the business going forward. This will make Accenture not only focus on one part of business, but going to service wider market of clients. Because of Accenture provides many types of services, we can indicate that Accenture aims to provide services to a wide market. Why we say that Accenture is providing unique and superior services to their clients? It is because Accenture works with their clients to understand the inside working procedure of the company, analyse their company, assess the business operating performance, define the business case, design the operating model strategy and explain to the clients to help them to achieve the goals. It has shown that Accenture designs the management strategies to the company based on different companies and finds the best way to help them improve their performance. For example, Accenture introduce an approach, called Value-Driven Business Process Management (BPM). It is a process that helps companies to realise their mistake immediately, correct the process of work and measure the result easily. It is an Accenture’s unique combination of skills, approaches, assets and tools to result the value quickly, gives a measurable result and tries to bring out a longer life BPM solution than other companies’ while they only provide assistance with specific elements of BPM. That is why Accenture can easily differentiate with other competitors, trusted by clients all around the world and have a good public praise.

An Indian Muslim Wife Essay

Religion plays an important part in family and society in most of the Muslim societies. Muslims and Christians are spread throughout the world and the puritanical Christian and Muslim wife based in the concepts of scriptures of both religions may be a part of the books only [Rashid, 2007]. Cultural influences, economic conditions and varying influence of religion in the society means that a Muslim wife of one society is not subject to the same kind cultural practices throughout the world. An Afghan or a Saudi Arabian woman is more likely to follow the local religious practices of modesty and veils, while most Muslim women in India only have to observe a modest dress code. The very traditional families or families of religious scholars may still observe the hijab, a dress similar to that worn by Catholic nuns [Women, Islam & Hijab, 2007]. For the information given here, I contacted a few of Indian women in my locality and they happened to be of Muslim religion and agreed to share their knowledge and experiences with me [Indian Muslim Wife, 2007]. The first thing one hears in these conversations is that ‘there is no such thing as a typical Indian Muslim or Hindu Wife’. The society in many of the developing countries has vast difference between the rich and the poor, and there is also a fast developing middle class. The very rich have become largely anglicized and the English medium public education under the Cambridge/Oxford based schooling system has given them the perception of family life very similar to that of a European or American family. A few characteristics common to all Indian Muslim families are importance of family life, providing protective environment for the children, fidelity in marriage and finding spouse of Muslim faith. The Muslim wife of a rich Indian family is well provided for. She is normally well educated and even if she is not involved in her own career or business, she has to accompany her husband to social parties; she does not drink even if the Muslim husband has given up practicing the prohibition imposed by religion. A Muslim Indian wife is expected to be faithful to her husband. The pressure of the society is such that even if men were to astray, the wife risks the risk of being ostracized if she indulges in any such activities. Indian Muslim families normally have to live in an extended family. Looking after the parents is responsibility of the male children of the family. It is almost given that she any Muslim woman will have her in-laws living in the same house. Depending on their nature, it may be blessing to share a house with in-laws as a number of women can go out more freely to pursue their career or to attend the social functions while the elder members of the family can look after the children. Most rich Indian Muslim women can hire servants and only have to supervise the household responsibilities. The middle class Muslim Indian wife has many more problems. The man is the breadwinner and the woman looks after the house, brings up the children, looks after the in-laws if they are old and infirm and makes ends meet in relatively moderate income. The Indian middle class society is rather conservative and the religious restriction placed on Muslim middle class women due to conservatism restricts the freedom of movement, ability to work, choice of professions for women in the middle class Muslim families is also limited. The traditional families prefer to keep the women at home or if they have to work professions such as teaching, medicine and assisting family members in their business are preferred. The poor Indian Muslim wife probably suffers the most. They are married off at an early age by marriages arranged by their parents. Low income of the family means that Indian Muslim wife from a poor family has to work hard often in poor paid jobs as domestic servant or on farms. The full day work, however does not reduce her responsibilities at home as she has to do all the household work, cooking cleaning, looking after the husband and children and in laws too. The poverty-stricken family has to stay in huts or semi constructed houses in shantytowns and suffers all the problems of poverty. The Muslim Indian women are brought up in traditional ways and given Islamic as well as normal education. Divorce rates among Muslims are very low. This may also be a result of the problems in the society. Divorce carries some stigma, the women are allowed to re-marry and the young divorcees normally do. The pressures on families are economic, social and emotional. Break-up of family deprives the woman of financial support, women if they do not re-marry are not free to socialize or date as openly as in Europe/America.

Management Info System Essay

Management Info System Essay Management Info System Essay MGMT 393 Homework Assignment 1 One thing the text talks about is management information systems (MIS). It describes what MIS is and its purpose. The book basically breaks MIS down and talks about what it’s made of and the important resources within it. It is important for people to understand MIS in order to process and manage all information dealing with any technology tools in their organization. Another thing the book talks about is using customer relationship management (CRM) systems. Using customer relationship management systems helps organizations understand what a customer may need or want. The basic reason for this system is to help people organizations to build a lasting relationship with their customer in order to give them what they want. The book also talks about relational data base. It tells what the relational data base does and how it stores information. The software’s components of a data base management system are also discussed in the book. It basically describes each component of the database management system and how they work. There is the data warehouse and its characteristics. In the data warehouse there are four types of mining tolls. The types of tolls are described in the book. The mining tools are broken down and explained to show what each tool does. Another key part of the book is the decision support system (DSS) and the geographic system. The decision support system helps make decisions while the geographic system analyzes information. There is expert system which is also known as knowledge based systems. This system helps you come to a conclusion on decisions that have to be made. Then there is talk of the agent based technologies. The agent based technologies is a type of technology that helps do daily tasks. These agent based technologies include information agents, monitoring and surveillance agents, user agents, and data mining agents. Each agent based technology is described and the functions are explained. Another important topic in the book is e-commerce business models. The nine major e-commerce business models are broken down and described in the book. Basically theses e-commerce business models describes how each models sells it products and services. This would include selling it product and services to businesses, consumers, individuals, or even government entities. The outsourcing environment is a factor that is described. Outsourcing is the delegations of a

Elimination of the Gas Chamber in Animal Shelters Essay Example

Elimination of the Gas Chamber in Animal Shelters Essay Example Elimination of the Gas Chamber in Animal Shelters Essay Elimination of the Gas Chamber in Animal Shelters Essay Elimination of the Gas Chamber in Animal Shelters The push for the elimination of the Gas Chamber to euthanasia animals in the Licking County Animal Control Shelter has been recently fueled by protestors that want the gas chamber shut down. The animal rights group together with the members of the Licking County Political Action committee gathered with the purpose of abolishing the use of the gas chamber and reforming the county animal shelter. Although the Euthanasia by Injection is the shelters primary method of putting an animal to death, they are still using the gas chamber, in certain cases, to euthanasia animals. Euthanasia by the gas chamber is a cruel, dated and should not be tolerated. A lethal injection is a faster more humane way to put an animal to death. There are several methods to put an animal to death and all are based on various social, psychological and physical circumstances. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) considers sodium pentobarbital and CO acceptable methods of euthanasia for dogs and cats in animals in shelters. However, although the AVMA considers CO as an acceptable method of euthanasia, they strongly support EBI as the preferred method of euthanasia. EBI is also supported by the National Animal Control Association (NACA), the Association of Shelter Veterinarians (AOSV), and The America Humane Association (AHA) of the United States. According to Doug Fakkemas article in the Euthanasia by Injection (EBI) Myth vs. Fact Sheet, he states that, the gas chamber can take up to 25 to 30 minutes to end an animals life; whereas EBI causes loss of consciousness within 3 to 5 seconds and clinical death within 2 to 5 minutes (Fakkema, n.d.). Euthanasia by these archaic gas chambers should not be allowed. Alth ough animal euthanasia is an act of painlessly putting an animal to death, the Licking County Animal Shelters gas chamber does not apply to this rule. The animals are subjected to a painful death thus disobeying the rule of euthanasia. This has led to numerous complaints by the residents and the county political action committee. On April 24, 2010, an article in the Newark Advocate reported that about 100 protestors gathered to protest the use of the gas chamber outside the Licking County Animal Shelter. According to the article, they have been protesting the gas chamber for about twelve years (Sudar, 2010). The animal rights group together with the members of the Licking County Political Action committee wants the gas chamber abolished. On April 28, 2010, another article appeared in the Newark Advocate in which the protestors lobbied the Licking County Commissioners to remove and disassemble the gas chamber. According to Ronnie Kidd, one of the local organizers said, Weve heard a lot of promises, but the actions are not meeting the words. We will go on until the change happens. We are not going away until the problem goes away (Hollon, 2010). The Licking county citizens want all shelter animals euthanized by EBI. Jon Luzio, Director of the Licking County Animal Control Shelter said that, despite some reports, he wanted to ensure the residents of Licking County that the pets that were euthanasia via the gas chamber they passed quickly and humanly. He also noted that the animal shelter requires more reforms and a plan for the creation of an advisory council are being considered. The council will consist of local professionals who will make recommendations about the shelter. Mr.Luzio went on to say that the euthanasia rates are the lowest in the state of Ohio and that the adoptable dogs are kept for up to 30 days longer than required by law. He stated that Even though our shelter is transitioning to euthanasia by injection, we are still using carbon monoxide for aggressive animals (personal communication, 17 Mar 2010). Mr. Luzio also provided statistics that show the euthanasia rates are on the decline. For example, below is a chart provided and compiled by the Licking County Animal Control Shel ter that confirms the decrease in the euthanasia rates, in Licking County. As one can see, the euthanasia rate has declined, but the fact still remains that the shelter is still using the gas chamber to euthanasia animals. Although the county commissioner and the director of the Licking County Animal Control Shelter told the advocate that the gas chambers are not in use, unless an animal is aggressive, the groups through its commissioners are pushing towards the elimination of the gas chambers altogether. There is no reason to continue using the gas chamber for aggressive animals. According to an article in Animal News by Doug Fakkema, a trainer and consultant for the AHA stated, I can euthanize a dangerous dog in his or her kennel by feeding sodium pentobarbital, no handling necessary (Clifton, 2006). These animals can be sedated and then injected instead of dragging them chaotically into a gas chamber. The article goes on to explain that there are several control methods available, so the shelter workers do not have to handle the aggressive animals. Thes e restraints include restraint poles, squeeze gates, and syringe poles. Shelter workers can then sedate the animal with a dose of pre-euthanasia drugs. If for some reason shelters do not have restraints, the shelter workers can mix the powder form of sodium pentobarbital in a can of dog food; this will make the animal unconscious. Once the dog is unconscious, a lethal dose of the drug can be administered. This is the most humane method of euthanasia of animals. In addition to the pain and suffering that the animals experience in the gas chamber, carbon monoxide can also cause health risks for the shelter workers. According to an article from the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2006, Researchers discovered a link between severe carbon monoxide poisoning and death years later from heart disease (Henry, 2006). Carbon monoxide is extremely hard to detect because it is colorless, tasteless, and odorless. Carbon dioxide can cause asphyxiation, kidney damage, or induced coma and heart disease if released in confined areas. For example, in 2009, a gas build-up in a North Carolina shelter caused the door to explode, and an animal control officer was taken to the emergency room. Even, though there are no reported incidents like this in the Licking County Animal Shelter, there is still the possibility of exposure and injury based on the documented reports Furthermore, EBI also provides shelter workers the dignity they deserve when face d with the difficult job of euthanizing pets. Most shelter workers have an incredible stressful and emotional job. They have to do what they do because of societys lack of responsibility for their pets. Many workers get into the line of work because they truly care about animals and only want to provide comfort for the animals in their final moments of life. EBI offers this comfort. In contrast, the gas chamber is both cruel and upsetting to the physical and emotional well being of humans and animals. Many supporters argued that the gas chamber is more cost effective than lethal injection. However, a 2009 study by the AHA shows EBI is less costly than gas to communities. The AHA recently commissioned Doug Fakkema, to perform a study on the costs associated between EBI and gas. Fakkema stated that , he used data from an animal shelter organization in North Carolina, and it was based on the number of dogs and cats euthanized in 2007 which was 5,427. The study shows that the cost to use carbon monoxide gas is $4.98 per animal. The cost to use carbon monoxide poisoning without a tranquilizer is $4.66 per animal. The cost to use EBI, however, was only $2.29 per animal (Fakkema, 2009.). These cost figures from North Carolina are comparable to other states and show that euthanasia by EBI is more cost effective than gas. Another issue with the gas chamber is that the animals do not always die, as documented by Stray Rescue founder Randy Grim. He tells of the story about a dog, which he na med Quentin, who survived a gas chamber at the animal shelter in the city of St. Louis, Missouri. The animal control officer opened the door to the gas chamber and saw the dog standing on the other dogs, and she immediately called Randy Grim, who rescues dogs and tries to place them in new homes. She stated, I did not have the heart to gas him again (Grim, 2005). Therefore, Randy Grimâ„ ¢s lobbying efforts and his ability to raise money convinced the St. Louis Shelter to shut down the gas chamber for good. In another article, an incident happened in North Carolina at the Davies County Animal Shelter in April 2005 in which another puppy survived the gas chamber and was later found at the dump (Gunning, 2005). These incidents helped persuade many states to pass laws to prevent carbon dioxide and monoxide euthanasia of shelter animals. For example, nine states including Oregon, Wyoming, Delaware, Virginia, Tennessee, Rhode Island, New York, New Mexico and Illinois have banned the us e of the gas chamber. The use of the gas chamber needs to be abolished; this is a cruel and inhumane way to put an animal to death. A lethal injection is more humane, less expensive, and less time consuming than the use of the gas chamber. The continued use of the gas chamber has led to numerous complaints by the residents and the county political action committee. However, strict follow up of the issue needs to continue through the local government until all shelter animals are euthanized by lethal injection. References Clifton, M. (2006, October). Could carbon monoxide gas chambers make a comeback Retrieved May 18, 2010, from Amimal People: animalpeoplenews.org./ 06/10/carbongaschamber106.html Fakkema, D (n.d.) Euthanasia by Injection (EBI) Myth vs. Fact Sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://michiganpetfund.org/userfiles/file/american%20Humane%20M1%20EBI%20myth -fact%20sheet.pdf Fakkema, D. (2009, January). EBI cost analysis matrix 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from from American Humane Association: americanhumane. .org/assets/docs/advocy/ADV-co-ebi-cost-analsis09.pdf. Grim, R. (2005). Miracle dog: how quentin survived the gas chamber to speak for animals on dealth row. St. Louis, Missouri, United States: Alpine. Gunning, M. (2005). Puppy survives euthansia attempt, trip to the dump. Retrieved May 19, 2010, from freewebs.com/animalshelternews/index.htm. Henry, T. D. (2006). Heart injury due to carbon monoxide poisoning increases long term risk of death. Journal of the American Medical Association , 295, 398-402. Hollon, A. (2010, April 28). Protesters step up fight against gas chamber at animal shelter. Retrieved May 18, 2010, from Newark Advocate: animalconcerns.org/ external.htmlwww=http%3A//www.newarkadvocate.com/article/20100414/updates01/1 00414026/1002NEWS01itemid=201004150650480.543111 Sudar, A. (2010, April 18). Animal shelter protest draws about 100. Retrieved May 18, 2010, from Newark Advocate: newarkadvocate.com/fdcp/1272147611100